Introduction:
The importance and widespread application of various types of mesh and wire in different industries are undeniable. These materials, due to their unparalleled diversity in material, structure, and unique properties, play a vital role in the advancement and development of various industrial sectors. From finely woven meshes to strong wire strands, each with its specific characteristics, meets the diverse needs in different industrial sectors. Meshes and wires, due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, suitable flexibility, resistance to environmental factors such as corrosion and rust, as well as easy formability, are widely used in construction, production of industrial parts, modern agriculture, packaging industries, and many other sectors.
The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive and specialized review of the features, precise technical specifications, and extensive industrial applications of each type of mesh and wire mentioned in the user's request. This review, relying on available data and specialized analyses, aims to provide complete information to engineers, designers, industrialists, and all those interested in this field, so that they can make informed decisions in selecting and optimizing the use of these versatile materials in their projects. This report will thoroughly examine crimped wire mesh, chicken wire, gabion mesh, hexagonal wire mesh, various meshes, and various wire types, and while describing the structure and properties of each, it will explore their applications in different industries, especially the construction industry.
Crimped Wire Mesh:
Crimped wire mesh, also known as woven wire mesh or wire cloth , is a type of metal network produced by interlocking metal wires in a crosswise and compressed manner. The main distinguishing feature of this type of mesh from other metal meshes is that its wires are not welded at the intersections, but rather interlocked using their wavy structure, holding each other in place. In Persian, this product is known as "توری پرسی".
The structure of crimped wire mesh consists of wavy wires that form a mesh sheet horizontally and vertically or as warp and weft. This type of weave, due to the interlocking of the wires, has high strength and flexibility.
Crimped wire meshes have a wide variety based on the type of wire weave. Among the most common types of crimped wire mesh weaves are plain weave, Dutch weave, and ordinary weave. In the plain weave, the wires alternately pass over and under each other, forming a regular network with square or rectangular openings. In contrast, the Dutch weave is known for having very closely placed warp and weft wires, creating openings that are hardly visible. This type of weave has high mechanical resistance and is often used in industrial filtration applications. In addition, other types of weaves exist that are designed and produced based on specific needs, including double crimp weave where both warp and weft have crimps, single intermediate crimp where only the intermediate wires have crimps, double intermediate crimp where both intermediate and edge wires have crimps, and lock crimp weave where the crimps are interlocked, creating greater strength. This variety in weave allows crimped wire mesh to be used in a wide range of applications with different needs for strength, aesthetics, and performance. For example, in cases where filtration with a need for fine pores and high strength is desired, the Dutch weave is a suitable choice, while for more general applications such as protection and decoration, the plain weave is more commonly used.
The technical specifications of crimped wire mesh include the material of the wire, its diameter, the size of the openings, standard and custom dimensions, corrosion resistance, and tensile strength. The material of the wire used in crimped wire meshes is usually black iron, stainless steel, galvanized steel, copper, brass, and aluminum. The choice of metal depends on environmental conditions and the specific needs of the project. To increase the mesh's resistance to corrosion, various coatings such as hot-dip or cold-dip galvanizing, powder coating, or PVC are usually used. The diameter of the wires in crimped wire mesh is usually in the range of 2 to 6 millimeters. The size of the openings in this type of mesh is also very diverse and can vary from 5 microns to several centimeters, but is usually between 2 and 8 centimeters. Crimped wire meshes are usually produced in standard dimensions of 1×2 meters or 1×3 meters, but it is also possible to produce them in custom dimensions. The length of these meshes is usually between 1 and 4 meters, and their width is a maximum of 2 meters. In terms of corrosion resistance, galvanized and stainless steel meshes perform very well and are resistant to rust and corrosion. It is worth noting that hot-dip galvanizing provides greater corrosion resistance compared to the cold-dip type. The tensile strength of steel crimped wire mesh is also usually between 450 and 700 megapascals. One of the significant advantages of crimped wire mesh compared to welded mesh is its increased durability and interlocking strength due to the absence of welding.
Crimped wire meshes, due to their unique technical properties, have extensive applications in various industries. In the construction industry, this type of mesh is used as protection for doors and windows, in the underlayment of floors, ceilings, and walls, as well as in the construction of three-dimensional panels. Also, it is used in the foundation of floors and ceilings of halls to speed up the concreting process and in reinforcing concrete walls. In addition, crimped wire mesh is used as a guard under the feet of workers working at height and for screening materials and drainage. It also has various applications in the automotive and parts industry, aerospace industry, food and health industries, petrochemical and chemical industries, pharmaceuticals, and the electronics and technology industry. Other applications of crimped wire mesh include its use as a fence around security centers, prisons, airports, army camps, sports fields, residential complexes, parks, gardens, around zoos, and cages. Also, in decorative and ornamental industries, this type of mesh is used as infill panels, for making cages, decoration, building facades, decorative coverings, furniture, beddings, and art projects. Furthermore, it has specific applications in mines, agriculture, drainage, acoustics, rodent control, truck containers, installation of heating systems, paper industry, metallurgy, renewable energies, electronics and technology industry, and barbecue tool making. This wide range of applications indicates the high adaptability of crimped wire mesh in various industries, and the selection of appropriate wire material and coating according to the application environment and the degree of contact with moisture and corrosive substances plays an important role in increasing its lifespan and efficiency.
Chicken Wire:
Chicken wire, known in English as Chicken Wire or Hexagonal Wire Mesh , is a type of metal or plastic mesh made from thin and flexible interwoven wires, featuring hexagonal openings. Its structure consists of thin galvanized wires interwoven in a hexagonal pattern.
Chicken wire is divided into different types based on the wire material, including hot-dip galvanized, cold-dip galvanized, and plastic (PVC). The hot-dip galvanized type, which is usually produced domestically in Iran, has higher resistance to moisture, rust, and corrosion, and has greater strength and quality compared to the cold-dip type. In contrast, the cold-dip galvanized type is often imported from China and has less resistance to moisture and rust compared to the hot-dip type, but it is cheaper and lighter in weight. The plastic (PVC) type is made of durable plastic and is used in places where corrosion resistance is very important. This type of mesh is produced in different colors and has less resistance to heat and sunlight.
The technical specifications of chicken wire include the wire material, thickness, mesh size, roll dimensions, and weight. The wire material used is usually thin galvanized steel wire (hot-dip or cold-dip) or plastic. The wire thickness is usually between 20 to 25 microns and 0.4 to 0.7 millimeters. A thicker type is also produced, which is more durable. The mesh size is usually hexagonal with a size between 1/2 to 2 inches. The 3/4 inch mesh is one of the most widely used sizes. The roll dimensions are usually 45 meters in length and 90, 120, 150, and 180 centimeters in width. The weight of 120 cm rolls is about 7 kg, and 90 cm rolls are approximately 5.5 kg. The weight varies depending on the thickness and mesh size. Chicken wire is very flexible and can be easily bent and shaped into various forms.
Due to its low price, light weight, and high flexibility, chicken wire is a widely used material in various industries. In poultry and livestock farming, it is used for making animal and bird cages, fencing poultry houses, and protecting plants from animals. In construction, it is used for underlayment in plastering and cement work on walls and ceilings, holding fiberglass for roof insulation, wrapping around columns, preventing plaster cracking, use in suspended ceilings, protecting roof waterproofing, underlayment for tiling, and preventing birds from entering balconies and skylights. It is also used in agriculture for fencing farms and gardens, protecting saplings, creating shade, harvesting crops, and protecting agricultural products from pests. In the packaging industry, it is used for packaging heavy or sensitive products. In addition, it is used in making pet cages, handicrafts and decorations, building fish farming ponds and aquatic cages, civil and urban projects, building false walls, reinforcing concrete, building suspended ceilings, protecting windows and balconies, making artistic sculptures, and weakening radio waves.
Gabion Mesh:
Gabion mesh, also known as rock mesh or flood barrier , is a type of metal cage filled with stones or other materials and is used in civil engineering, road construction, military affairs, and landscaping. In the past, this was also called "سَلّهاندازی".
The structure of gabion mesh is made of interwoven wires with a triple twist, continuously interlocked. This type of mesh usually has hexagonal openings.
Gabion meshes are divided into different types based on their structure, including basket or box gabion fences, commonly used in highways and railways , mattress gabion mesh with low height, used to prevent erosion and as a breakwater , mesh or welded gabion mesh with square openings, used to reinforce walls and bridges , bag gabion mesh, used in time-limited conditions for hydraulic activities , decorative rock mesh, used to beautify open spaces such as parks and roof gardens , and shapeless metal mesh, used to hold materials along roadsides.
The technical specifications of gabion mesh include the wire material (usually hot-dip galvanized steel or PVC coated ), wire diameter (usually between 2.5 to 5 millimeters and even up to 6 millimeters ), mesh size (usually hexagonal with dimensions from 5×5 cm to 15×15 cm, with the most common sizes being 60×80 mm or 80×100 mm ), and roll dimensions (length usually between 5 to 10 meters and width 1 to 3 meters ). This type of mesh has high resistance to corrosion and erosion and is estimated to last about 60 years in harsh conditions.
Gabion mesh has many applications in various industries. In civil engineering and road construction, it is used for building retaining walls, soil reinforcement, erosion prevention, as a breakwater on coasts, stabilization of coastlines and rivers, controlling concentrated rocks, and preventing rockfall in mountainous areas. It is also used in soil and water erosion control, slope stabilization, protection of river and lake shores, and watershed management. In landscaping and landscape architecture, it is used as a beautiful and functional element in constructing beautiful structures in residential areas, decorative and aesthetic elements, gabion flower pots, fountains, green walls, stairs, and urban furniture. In dam construction, it is used for covering the bottom of waterways, as a breakwater, and in the construction of small temporary or permanent dams. In military industries, it is used for constructing defensive pre-structures and defensive bunkers in wars.
Hexagonal Wire Mesh:
Hexagonal wire mesh, sometimes also known as توری شش ضلعی , is a type of metal mesh woven from galvanized wire (hot-dip or cold-dip) and has hexagonal openings. Structurally, it is similar to chicken wire and gabion mesh, but its wire diameter falls between these two.
Hexagonal wire mesh is produced in two types: hot-dip galvanized and cold-dip galvanized. The hot-dip galvanized type, which is mostly produced in Iran, has higher quality and is more resistant to moisture and rust. The cold-dip galvanized type, often imported from China, has lower resistance and a lower price.
The technical specifications of hexagonal wire mesh include the wire material (hot-dip or cold-dip galvanized ), thickness (between 0.8 to 1.2 millimeters ), mesh size (4 or 5 centimeters ), and roll dimensions (length 20 meters and width 120, 150, or 180 centimeters ). This mesh has good resistance to moisture and rust, especially the hot-dip type.
Due to its strength, beautiful appearance, and affordable price, hexagonal wire mesh has diverse applications in various industries. Its applications include fencing gardens, agricultural lands, poultry farms, buildings, towers, airports, terminals, sports and industrial areas. In construction, it is used for shed roofs, around columns, creating protection to prevent falling materials, and roof insulation. It is also used in artistic industries such as sculpture.
Welded Wire Mesh:
Welded wire mesh, widely known in the construction industry as توری جوشی or مشبک , is a type of steel network made of parallel and intersecting rebars that are welded together at the connection points. This mesh is made of plain or ribbed rebars with different diameters and has square or rectangular openings. Its types include plain, ribbed, galvanized, steel, and PVC coated.
Its technical specifications include the material of the wire/rebar (low carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, iron ), diameter (2 to 12 millimeters ), mesh size (8 to 40 centimeters ), sheet/roll dimensions (1×2 meters or 2×6 meters ), tensile and shear strength (high due to spot welding ).
Welded wire mesh has many applications in various industries, especially construction. It is used to reinforce concrete in foundations, floors, walls, and ceilings, to build composite roofs, prefabricated walls, tunnels, subways, bridges, parking lots, dams, water canals, to reinforce concrete, underlayment for highways and airport runways, and building facades. It also has extensive applications in road construction and transportation, agriculture and animal husbandry, security, petrochemicals, food and pharmaceutical industries, decoration, and fencing.
Various Wire Types:
Wire types are divided into different categories based on their material, including black (iron) wire, hot-dip and cold-dip galvanized wire, copper-coated wire, steel wire, aluminum wire, brass wire, and gold wire. Black wire, also known as rebar wire, is without a galvanized coating and is used in rebar work, formwork, packaging, and handicrafts due to its high softness and flexibility. Galvanized wire, which has a zinc coating, is resistant to moisture and corrosion and is produced in both hot-dip and cold-dip types. This type of wire is used in making mesh, fences, packaging, barbed wire, as well as in agriculture and floristry. Copper-coated wire, with a tin and copper coating, is mostly used in jewelry making and decorative items. Steel wire, due to its high resistance to corrosion and rust, is used in advanced industries, making mesh, fences, packaging, barbed wire, as well as in the food, pharmaceutical, automotive, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries. Aluminum wire, due to its high conductivity and light weight, is used in cable making, electronics industry, construction, and barbed wire production. Brass wire, due to its high conductivity and heat transfer, is used in making jewelry and decorative items. Gold wire, also due to its very high conductivity, is used in specific electronic applications.
The technical specifications of each type of wire vary based on diameter (from 0.4 mm to over 5 mm ), tensile strength (the maximum force the wire can withstand before breaking ), flexibility (ability to bend without breaking ), corrosion resistance (varies depending on the wire material ), and electrical and thermal conductivity (varies depending on the wire material ).
The applications of wire in various industries are very extensive. In construction, it is used for rebar work, formwork, tying رابیتس, and electrical wiring. In the electrical industry, it is used for cable making and electronics. In agriculture, it is used for fencing and packaging products. It is also used in handicrafts and arts.
Metal Lath:
رابیتس, also known as راویز or expanded metal lath , is a type of steel sheet derived from galvanized sheets, having a mesh-like appearance and very good flexibility. رابیتس is produced by transverse stretching and pressing of galvanized sheets and has openings of different sizes.
رابیتس are categorized based on weight, number of columns (bridges), and mesh size. In terms of weight, they are divided into three categories: light (weight less than 600 grams), medium (weight about 810 to 840 grams), and heavy (more than 900 grams). Based on the number of columns, رابیتس are usually 9, 11, and 13 columns, with the 13-column type being more common in Iran. The openings of رابیتس can be in the shape of a rhombus, square, parallelogram, or hexagon, and they are usually produced with two or three openings. The material of رابیتس is usually hot-dip galvanized iron with a zinc oxide coating, which is resistant to moisture and rust. The standard dimensions of رابیتس are usually in sheets of 2.40 meters in length and 0.6 meters in width, with a thickness of 0.45 millimeters.
رابیتس has many applications in various industries, especially construction. Its applications include the execution of suspended ceilings, interior decoration (creating arches and patterned ceilings), plastering of tunnel channels, covering iron beams and rebars, decorations related to plasterwork and stucco of buildings, construction of the substructure for ceiling decoration, strengthening and better connection of wall posts and the walls on both sides, building repair work (repairing and restoring structural cracks), creating complete continuity of the wall surface and providing a suitable base for the implementation of electrical and mechanical installations, sculpture and carving, and the construction of iron cages. رابیتس is also used in building facades and as an underlayment for plastering and cement work on walls and ceilings.
Specific Applications of Black Wire in the Construction Industry:
Black wire, due to its high flexibility and reasonable price, is one of the most widely used types of wire in the construction industry. This type of wire, made from uncoated galvanized steel and also known as soft wire, annealed wire, and rebar wire , has special applications in various stages of construction.
One of the most important applications of black wire in the construction industry is its use for tying rebars together in the rebaring process. In the construction of foundations, which is one of the most critical stages of any building, rebar networks are used to increase the strength and stability of the structure. Black wire, with its suitable flexibility, easily secures the rebars in the desired location and prevents their displacement during concreting. In addition, in the formwork stages, black wire is used to tie and secure concrete forms. Also, this type of wire is used for tying رابیتس to secondary networks. The high flexibility of this wire allows for easy knotting and securing of connections, and for this reason, it is considered one of the important and widely used elements in the construction industry.
Conclusion:
This report provided a comprehensive review of various types of mesh and wire and their extensive applications in different industries. Crimped wire mesh, with its wavy structure and weave variety, is used in various industries from construction to aerospace. Chicken wire, with its light weight and high flexibility, is especially used in poultry farming, construction, and agriculture. Gabion mesh, due to its strength and flexibility, plays an important role in civil engineering, erosion control, and landscaping. Hexagonal wire mesh, as an intermediate between chicken wire and gabion mesh, is used in fencing and protection. Welded wire mesh, with its welded structure and high strength, is widely used in construction for concrete reinforcement. Various wire types, depending on their material and technical specifications, have diverse applications in construction, electricity, agriculture, and packaging industries. رابیتس, as a mesh steel sheet, is used in construction for underlayment in plastering and creating decorative designs. This variety in types of mesh and wire allows for the selection of the appropriate material for each specific application in different industries.